Sea Stars Use Tiny Light Cables
The chocolate-chip sea star is named for the dark, pointy bumps on its arms. They look like chocolate chips. But scientists found something even cooler inside the sea star's arms.
Deep in the skeleton, at the tip of each arm, there are tiny cone-shaped parts. These parts work like fiber-optic cables. Fiber-optic cables are the technology that sends internet signals around the world. In the sea star, these parts collect light and send it deep into the animal's body.
A scientist named Ling Li was studying how sea stars build strong skeletons. He used an X-ray machine to look at the tips of the arms. He found 90 to 100 cone-shaped structures in each tip. They all pointed toward a hollow space inside.
Each cone is made of a single crystal of a mineral called calcite. Calcite bends light more than seawater does. When light hits the wide part of a cone, it bends inward. Then it bounces off the inside walls of the cone until it comes out the narrow end. This is the same way fiber-optic cables work.
The cones send about 70 percent of the light that enters them. They make the light up to eight times stronger. The sea star might use this light to find its way. Sea stars move toward light. This is called phototaxis. The sea star could compare how much light each arm gets. Then it knows which direction is brighter and moves that way.
But scientists are not sure the sea star really uses the cones to see light. No one has found light-sensitive cells under the cones yet. A scientist named Samuel Powell says a simple test could help. Just shine light at the sea star and see if it moves.
The cones also make the sea star's skeleton stronger. Computer models show that the cones make the tips three times stiffer than other parts. This is helpful because the arm tips are the most exposed parts. They scrape against rocks and might get bitten by predators. So having extra-strong tips makes sense.
The sea star shows that one structure can do two jobs: send light and strengthen the skeleton. That is pretty amazing.